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The percentage of foreign populations in Greece is as high as 8.4% in proportion to the total population of the country.〔(6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are born abroad ), Eurostat, Katya VASILEVA, 34/2011.〕 Moreover, between 9 and 11% of the registered Greek labor force of 4.4 million are foreigners.〔Papadopoulou, Aspasia. "Smuggling into Europe: transit migrants in Greece."Journal of Refugee Studies 17.2 (2004): 167-184.〕 Migrants additionally make up 25% of wage and salary earners.〔 Migrants are so plentiful that in a society with negative natural population growth, immigration has become the sole source of population increase overall.〔Karakatsanis, Neovi M., and Jonathan Swarts. "Migrant Women, Domestic Work and the Sex Trade in Greece: A Snapshot of Migrant Policy in the Making." Greek Review of Social Research 110 (2003): 239-70. Print〕 As of 2012, Albanian migrants constitute some 55–60% or more of the immigrant population. More recent immigrant groups, from the mid-1990s on, consist of Asian nationalities—especially Pakistani and Bangladeshi— with more recent political asylum and/or illegal migration flows through Turkey of Afghans, Iranians, Iraqis, Somali and others. Since the 1990s, increases in such flows have led to the emergence of immigration as an increasingly important political issue in Greece. Immigrants fill roles mainly in the informal sector, and there are large numbers of undocumented immigrants in Greece today. The Greek government and immigration policy was overwhelmed by the large numbers of migrants who began flooding in during the 1990s, and lacked the control and legal framework to manage the situation. While the Greek government has made some strides in creating better immigration policy, immigration reform remains a low priority. ==History of migration in Greece== For the first half of the twentieth century, immigration mostly flowed outwards from Greece. At the turn of the century, the majority of Greek immigrants migrated to the United States; from the 1950s to the 1970s, migration flowed towards other European countries, mainly the Federal Republic of Germany, where there was a labor shortage in the rebuilding process after the second world war.〔〔Icduygu, Ahmet. "Transborder Crime between Turkey and Greece: Human Smuggling and Its Regional Consequences." Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 4.2 (2004): 294-314. Print.〕 Additionally, about 65,000 Greeks sought refuge in former Soviet Bloc countries after the defeat of the left-wing forces in the Greek Civil War (1946-9).〔 Looking solely at the years 1955 to 1970, approximately one million people—over ten percent of the total Greek population—left Greece to emigrate primarily to Europe, Australia, and North America.〔 Several occurrences in the last quarter of the twentieth century lead to a change in the migration patterns in Greece. After the collapse of the military dictatorship in 1974, some of the Greek refugees began to resettle in Greece. This wave of immigrants reached its peak towards the end of the 1980s.〔Kiprianos, Pandelis, Stathis Balias, and Vaggelis Passas. "Greek policy towards immigration and immigrants." Social Policy & Administration 37.2 (2003): 148-164.〕 Most of the immigrants to Greece in this time period were repatriated Greeks.〔Faas, Daniel. "Between ethnocentrism and Europeanism? An exploration of the effects of migration and European integration on curricula and policies in Greece." Ethnicities 11.2 (2011): 163-183.〕 The immigration boom really hit following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, when co-ethnic Greeks (meaning foreigners with Greek heritage) from former Soviet bloc countries, co-ethnic Greeks from Albania and other Balkan nations, and economic migrants from the Balkans and Eastern European countries like Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Poland, flooded into Greece.〔〔Triandafyllidou, Anna. "Greek Immigration Policy at the Turn of the 21st Century. Lack of Political Will or Purposeful Mismanagement?." European Journal of Migration and Law 11.2 (2009): 159-177.〕 Many came to escape turmoil and conflict in their homeland or for the economic opportunities afforded to them in Greece, a member of the EU with a large informal market. At the beginning of the 1990s when these immigration flows started, Greece did not have the legislative framework to practically manage and control immigration.〔 Until the Greek government began immigration policy reform in 1991, immigration legislation dated back to the 1920s and made it incredibly difficult for migrants to enter Greece legally for work purposes; it was obligatory for a migrant to have a work permit to enter Greece, which they must have obtained from their home consulate only after having acquired a job in Greece.〔 In the mid-90s the Greek immigration policy relied mostly on massive deportation of mainly Albanian immigrants, hoping to discourage immigration to Greece. This policy tool was largely ineffective and the Greek government had to rethink its immigration policy at the beginning of the twenty-first century.〔 While strides have been made to bring immigration policy in line with EU directives, immigration is still not a high priority for the Greek government, even as migrants continue to make up large portions of the Greek population.〔Lazaridis, Gabriella, and Joanna Poyago‐Theotoky. "Undocumented migrants in Greece: Issues of regularization." International Migration 37.4 (2002): 715-740.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Immigration to Greece」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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